Sources
Each citation was retrieved and read against the claim it supports, not merely checked for a live URL. Figures are quoted from the cited page. Where a claim and a source parted company, the claim was cut or re-sourced rather than kept. Retrieved 2 September 2026.
1StockAnalysis. “Alphabet (GOOGL) Market Cap.” Retrieved 2 September 2026. stockanalysis.com/stocks/googl/market-cap
2StockAnalysis. “Microsoft (MSFT) Market Cap.” Retrieved 2 September 2026. stockanalysis.com/stocks/msft/market-cap
3StockAnalysis. “Amazon (AMZN) Market Cap.” Retrieved 2 September 2026. stockanalysis.com/stocks/amzn/market-cap
4Anthropic. “Anthropic raises $65B in Series H funding at $965B post-money valuation.” 28 May 2026. anthropic.com/news/series-h
5Bellan, Rebecca. “OpenAI, not yet public, raises $3B from retail investors in monster $122B fund raise.” TechCrunch, 31 March 2026. techcrunch.com
6Feng, Coco. “ByteDance valuation surges to record high of over US$600b on proposed equity sale: sources.” South China Morning Post, 8 April 2026. scmp.com
7StockAnalysis. “Tencent Holdings (HKG:0700).” Retrieved 2 September 2026: price HKD 438.20, shares outstanding 9.00B, market cap HKD 3.94T. Corroborated by the USD listing at $502.9B. stockanalysis.com/quote/hkg/0700
8PYMNTS. “DeepSeek Resumes Funding Round to Raise $8 Billion.” 6 August 2026. Round ongoing. pymnts.com
9KrASIA. “Moonshot AI targets August 27 closing for pre-IPO round ahead of Hong Kong filing.” 11 August 2026. kr-asia.com
10Iyer, Ram. “Mistral is rumored to be raising €3B at €20B valuation.” TechCrunch, 12 June 2026. €20B ≈ $23.15B. techcrunch.com
11Riley, Duncan. “Harmonic AI raises $120M at $1.45B valuation to advance mathematical reasoning.” SiliconANGLE, 25 November 2025. siliconangle.com
12Hubert, Thomas, Rishi S. Mehta, Laurent Sartran, et al. “Olympiad-level formal mathematical reasoning with reinforcement learning.” Nature, 12 November 2025. DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09833-y; PMID 41225005
13Ho, Son, Cédric Fournet, Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, Samuel Lee, Jason Fisher and Jessica Krynitsky. “Verifying Rust cryptography in SymCrypt, from standards to code.” Microsoft Research Blog, 13 July 2026. microsoft.com/en-us/research
14Hietala, Kesha and Emina Torlak. “Lean Into Verified Software Development.” AWS Open Source Blog, 8 April 2024. aws.amazon.com/blogs/opensource
15Disselkoen, Craig, Aaron Eline, Shaobo He, et al. “How We Built Cedar: A Verification-Guided Approach.” arXiv:2407.01688 [cs.SE], 1 July 2024. arxiv.org/abs/2407.01688
16Anthropic. “Learning more about Claude’s mathematical capabilities.” 10 August 2026. anthropic.com/research/riemann-zeta
17OpenAI. “ten-proofs: Lean certificates accompanying ten proofs in mathematics and theoretical computer science.” GitHub. github.com/openai/ten-proofs
18ByteDance Seed. “Seed Research | New SOTA in Formal Mathematical Reasoning! BFS-Prover Model Now Open Sourced.” 25 February 2025. seed.bytedance.com
19Li, Yang, Dong Du, Linfeng Song, Chen Li, Weikang Wang, Tao Yang and Haitao Mi. “HunyuanProver.” arXiv:2412.20735, 30 December 2024. arxiv.org/abs/2412.20735
20Ren, Z. Z., Zhihong Shao, Junxiao Song, et al. “DeepSeek-Prover-V2.” arXiv:2504.21801, 30 April 2025 (rev. 18 July 2025). arxiv.org/abs/2504.21801
21Project Numina and Kimi. “Kimina-Prover-72B” model card. Hugging Face. huggingface.co/AI-MO/Kimina-Prover-72B
22Mistral AI. “Leanstral: Open-Source foundation for trustworthy vibe-coding.” 16 March 2026. mistral.ai/news/leanstral
23Harmonic (Business Wire). “Harmonic Announces IMO Gold Medal-Level Performance.” 28 July 2025. finance.yahoo.com
24Math, Inc. “Introducing Gauss, an agent for autoformalization.” math.inc/gauss
25Math, Inc. “OpenGauss: an open source, state of the art autoformalization harness.” math.inc/opengauss; source at github.com/math-inc/OpenGauss (MIT)
26Yu, Xuejun, Jianyuan Zhong, Zijin Feng, et al. “Mathesis: Towards Formal Theorem Proving from Natural Languages.” arXiv:2506.07047, 8 June 2025. arxiv.org/abs/2506.07047; code at github.com/Huawei-AI4Math/Mathesis
27Nethermind Security, Formal Verification Team. “How We Formalized Ethereum Execution: A Trustworthy Semantics of the EVM and Yul in Lean for Cancun.” 6 February 2026. nethermind.io/blog
28Nethermind Security, Formal Verification Team. “Formal Verification of Halo2 Circuits in Lean.” 2 July 2025. nethermind.io/blog
29Dougherty, Quinn, Max von Hippel, Simon Henniger, Hazel Shackleton and Mike Dodds. “FVSpec: Real-World Property-Based Tests as Lean Challenges.” arXiv:2606.01008, 31 May 2026 (rev. 17 August 2026). arxiv.org/abs/2606.01008
30Galois, Inc. “fvspec: Benchmark suite for helping evaluate how AIs perform on formal verification related tasks.” GitHub. github.com/GaloisInc/fvspec